Download Diagnostic Atlas of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease by Parakrama T. Chandrasoma PDF

By Parakrama T. Chandrasoma

Gastroesophageal reflux is likely one of the most typical maladies of mankind. nearly forty% of the grownup inhabitants of america suffers from major heartburn and the varied antacids marketed regularly on nationwide tv represents a $8 billion consistent with yr drug marketplace. the facility to regulate acid secretion with the more and more powerful acid-suppressive brokers resembling the H2 blockers (pepcid, zantac) and proton pump inhibitors (nexium, prevacid) has given physicians an exceptional approach to treating the indicators of acid reflux.Unfortunately, this has now not eliminated reflux ailment. It has simply replaced its nature. whereas heartburn, ulceration and strictures became infrequent, reflux-induced adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is changing into more and more universal. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia is now the main speedily expanding melanoma sort within the Western world.At current, there's no histologic try out that has any functional worth within the prognosis of reflux affliction. the single histologic diagnostic standards are relating to alterations within the squamous epithelium that are too insensitive and nonspecific for potent sufferer administration. it really is widely known that columnar metaplasia of the esophagus (manifest histologically as cardiac, oxyntocardiac and intestinal epithelia) is because of reflux. although, with the exception of intestinal metaplasia, that is diagnostic for Barrett esophagus, those columnar epithelia usually are not used to diagnose reflux disorder in biopsies. the reason is, those epithelial forms are indistinguishable from "normal" "gastric" cardiac mucosa. In normal histology texts, this "normal gastric cardia" is 2-3 cm long.In the mid-1990s, Dr. Chandrasoma and his workforce at USC produced post-mortem facts suggesting that cardiac and oxyntocardiac mucosa is in general absent from this quarter and that their presence in biopsies was once histologic proof of reflux ailment. From this knowledge, they decided that the presence of cardiac mucosa used to be a pathologic entity attributable to reflux and will consequently be used as a hugely particular and delicate diagnostic criterion for the histologic analysis of reflux disorder. They name this entity "reflux carditis". furthermore, the size of those metaplastic columnar epithelia within the esophagus was once a correct degree of the severity of reflux sickness in a given patient.At current, there's a few controversy over no matter if cardiac mucosa is completely absent or current mostly to the level of 0-4 mm. whereas this could now not be a deterrent to altering standards that are depending on there more often than not being 20-30 cm of cardiac mucosa, there was little mainstream try and swap present endoscopic and pathologic diagnostic standards within the mainstream of both gastroenterology or pathology. The ATLAS may be the resource of simply digestible useful details for pathologists confronted with biopsies from this sector. it's going to additionally advisor gastroenterologists as they biopsy those sufferers. * the yank Gastroenterological organization claims there are 14,500 participants around the world who're practising physicians and scientists who examine, diagnose and deal with issues of the gastrointestinal tract and liver* based on the yank Society for medical Pathology, there are 12,000 board qualified pathologists within the U.S. * Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia is now the main quickly expanding melanoma sort within the Western global* nearly forty% of the grownup inhabitants of the U.S. suffers from major heartburn and the various antacids marketed on nationwide tv represents an $8 billion in keeping with yr drug industry

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We have watched these patients suffering with advanced local disease. They undergo radical esophagectomies, which are often followed by chemotherapy and radiation, with an overall expected death rate of 85%, often within 2 years—and we do nothing. We may do worse than nothing by not recognizing the theoretical and practical evidence that suggests that acid-suppressive drugs may be promoting cancer and actually contributing to the causation of these cancers. ” We can do better. This is an eminently preventable disease.

The patient with mild (low-volume) reflux will have a short segment (<1 cm) of cardiac mucosa in the most distal esophagus. When reflux occurs, infrequently and in small volume, the time exposure is inadequate to cause intestinal metaplasia, even though there may be a point in the esophagus that has the correct pH at which the change is induced. The likelihood of intestinal metaplasia in this patient is low (15%). With a slightly higher reflux volume, the alkalinity needed to induce intestinal metaplasia is at a point above where cardiac metaplasia is present (see Figure 1–19).

In contrast, there is little or no public awareness that symptomatic reflux (heartburn) is a significant risk factor for cancer. If not now, when do we place the emphasis of this disease on the cancer that is associated with it, rather than look at it as a patient comfort issue? We are treating a killer disease with a drug that is aimed only at controlling pain; this is like treating a brain tumor with aspirin to relieve the headache associated with it. The failure of the medical community to understand this disease is a significant contributor to this problem.

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