Download Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context by Bruce G. Trigger PDF
By Bruce G. Trigger
For anthropologists an 'early civilization' is traditionally the earliest type of a class-based society. during this unique and provocative ebook, Bruce set off locations our figuring out of historical Egypt in point of view via a comparative exam of Egypt through the outdated and center Kingdoms with the early civilizations of the Inkas, the Shang and Western Chou of China, the Aztecs and their acquaintances, the vintage Mayas, the Yorubas and Benin, and old Mesopotamia. Professor set off investigates the industrial foundations of those early civilizations, their politics and tradition, and their non secular traditions, drawing a few fantastic conclusions. His cutting edge paintings provides a brand new size to our knowing of early civilizations, charting new classes for his or her research sooner or later and indicating for either anthropologists and Egyptologists the price of comparative reviews. more suitable via a tremendous bibliographical essay, the booklet broadens our realizing of the similarities and ameliorations between historic civilizations.
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Sample text
Revenues from these estates circulated in highly complex ways. A private tomb might receive food supplies from royal property and cult lands, special land endowments, and private funerary estates, as well as through the contractual reversion, or re-use, of offerings from royal funerary cults, temples, and other tombs. This income supported the low-ranking officials who attended to the tomb's ongoing funerary cult. Officials and royal kin were able to derive wealth from privately owned lands that they inherited, purchased, or were given by the state, from lands that they held so long as they performed official duties, and from payments that they received for performing priestly offices in temples and royal mortuary cults.
Yoruba society was based on patrilineal descent. Especially in the northern regions of Yoruba territory, large numbers of kin related in the male line lived together in one or more self-governing extended family compounds. While personally-acquired property was inher- Kinship 35 ited by daughters as well as by sons, lineage property had to pass to a man's sons or, if he had none, to his younger brothers. In order to protect their patrilineal landholding patterns, Yoruba spouses were forbidden to inherit from one another.
There is evidence that the amount of land held in this fashion was increasing rapidly in the final years of Inka rule. In Mesopotamia, far more land was institutionally or privately owned when the earliest written records become available than was the case among the Aztecs and Inkas. The main owners were temples, palaces, and a small number of princely families. Some kinbased communities persisted inside and outside these estates, but such groups appear to have been gradually losing their control of land as a result of collective sales.