Download Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4th Edition by Michael Begon, Colin R. Townsend, John L. Harper PDF
By Michael Begon, Colin R. Townsend, John L. Harper
Begon, Townsend and Harper’s Ecology has lengthy been considered as the definitive textbook on all points of ecology. This new version maintains to supply a entire therapy of the topic from the 1st ideas of ecology to a shiny mirrored image of our realizing of ecology within the twenty first century. completely revised and up to date, this fourth version comprises: 3 new chapters on utilized ecology, reflecting a rigorous, medical method of the ecological difficulties now dealing with mankind dialogue of over 750 new stories, updating the textual content all through an up-to-date, effortless layout with margin notes and bankruptcy summaries that function learn aids committed site The ensuing textbook is simple to take advantage of, lucid and updated, and is the fundamental reference for all scholars whose measure software comprises ecology and for practicing ecologists.
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Extra resources for Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4th Edition
Example text
Intense biological activity also occurs where nutrient-rich waters from the ocean depths come to the surface; this accounts for the concentration of many of the world’s fisheries in Arctic and Antarctic waters. Freshwater biomes occur mainly on the route from land drainage to the sea. The chemical composition of the water varies enormously, depending on its source, its rate of flow and the inputs of organic matter from vegetation that is rooted in or around the aquatic environment. In water catchments where the rate of evaporation is high, salts leached from the land may accumulate and the concentrations may far exceed those present in the oceans; brine lakes or even salt pans may be formed in which little life is possible.
The various interactions in which one species is consumed by another are the subject matter of Chapters 9–12. Where two species have evolved a mutual dependence, the fit may be even tighter. We examine such ‘mutualisms’ in detail in Chapter 13. The association of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with the roots of leguminous plants, and the often extremely precise relationships between insect pollinators and their flowers, are two good examples. When a population has been exposed to variations in the physical factors of the environment, for example a short growing season or a high risk of frost or drought, a once-and-for-all tolerance may ultimately evolve.
The gray bars are the proportions of the various life forms in the world flora for comparison. ) because it has a boundary – the walls of the culture vessel – and cultured microorganisms often subdivide into two forms: one that sticks to the walls and the other that remains free in the medium. The extent to which an environment is heterogeneous depends on the scale of the organism that senses it. To a mustard seed, a grain of soil is a mountain; and to a caterpillar, a single leaf may represent a lifetime’s diet.