Download Ecotoxicology of Antifouling Biocides by Kazunobu Takahashi (auth.), Takaomi Arai, Hiroya Harino, PDF
By Kazunobu Takahashi (auth.), Takaomi Arai, Hiroya Harino, Madoka Ohji, William John Langston (eds.)
Organotin compounds, used as antifouling biocides when you consider that 1960, are chemicals that act as endocrine disrupters. it isn't identified how organotin compounds reason hormone disturbance, although, and lots of questions stay approximately their influence on aquatic organisms. experiences on organotin compounds have lately developed, with many new findings mentioned. Following a global ban on organotin compounds in 2008, substitute compounds will more often than not be used, with the potential of coastal parts to turn into infected, inflicting, between different results, cholinesterase inhibition in aquatic organisms. Use of other compounds has to be managed to prevent such blunders. those and different findings are defined and concisely summarized during this ebook, supplying an invaluable reference in nations the place replacement biocides are being thought of. integrated are experiences at the results on marine organisms, making this e-book a good reduction to specialists in environmental chemistry, to executive agencies, and to students.
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Additional info for Ecotoxicology of Antifouling Biocides
Example text
Butyltin pollution is not limited to the coastal marine environment; it also extends to the freshwater environment. Austria and Switzerland banned the use of TBT, even though these two countries are land-locked. Nevertheless, as stated earlier, the regulations on TBT-based antifouling paints are only partial in most of the countries that limit usage applying to recreational boats and vessels <25 m in length. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a global treaty to ban the application of TBT-based paints from January 2003, and total prohibition by January 2008 (IMO 2001).
In northern Norway, concentrations of TBT in mussels collected in 1993 and 1994 were generally high (Berge et al. 1997), in particular near harbors, where concentrations as high as 880 ng/g, wet wt (dry weight values have been converted to wet weight basis) were reported. In Iceland, the mean concentration of TBT in blue mussels collected in the early 1990s was 123 ng/g, wet wt, near large harbors (Skarphédinsdóttir et al. 1996). Livers of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) collected from the Antarctic Ocean in 1985 did not contain measurable concentrations of butyltins (Tanabe 1999).
Nevertheless, as stated earlier, the regulations on TBT-based antifouling paints are only partial in most of the countries that limit usage applying to recreational boats and vessels <25 m in length. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a global treaty to ban the application of TBT-based paints from January 2003, and total prohibition by January 2008 (IMO 2001). Details of the worldwide regulatory strategies for organotin compounds have been reviewed by Champ (2000). In general, the regulations have resulted in reduced TBT contamination in water and some organisms, and recovery of mollusc populations, particularly those close to marinas.