Download Electronics Handbook of Modern Sensors Physics Designs and by Jacob Fraden PDF
By Jacob Fraden
The Handbook's insurance of sensors is vast, starting from uncomplicated photodiodes to advanced units containing parts together. It bargains hard-to-find reference info at the houses of various fabrics and sensing parts and emphasizes units which are much less famous, whose expertise continues to be being sophisticated, and whose use allows the dimension of variables that have been formerly inaccessible.
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Extra info for Electronics Handbook of Modern Sensors Physics Designs and Applications
Example text
The accuracy rating includes a combined effect of part-to-part variations, a hysteresis, a dead band, calibration, and repeatability errors (see later subsections). The specified accuracy limits generally are used in the worst-case analysis to determine the worst possible performance of the system. 2B shows that ± may more closely follow the real transfer function, meaning better tolerances of the sensor’s accuracy. This can be accomplished by a multiple-point calibration. Thus, the specified accuracy limits are established not around the theoretical (ideal) transfer function, but around the calibration curve, which is determined during the actual calibration procedure.
One way is to use terminal points (Fig. 5A); that is, to determine output values at the smallest and highest stimulus values and to draw a straight line through these two points (line 1). Here, near the terminal points, the nonlinearity error is the smallest and it is higher somewhere in between. Terminal Points (A) (B) Fig. 5. Linear approximations of a nonlinear transfer function (A) and independent linearity (B). 22 2 Sensor Characteristics Another way to define the approximation line is to use a method of least squares (line 2 in Fig.
If a sensor is a part of a feedback control system, it is very important to know its phase characteristic. Phase lag reduces the phase margin of the system and may result in overall instability. A second-order differential equation describes a sensor that incorporates two energy storage components. The relationship between the input s(t) and output S(t) is the differential equation d 2 S(t) dS(t) + b0 S(t) = s(t). 23) 2 dt dt An example of a second-order sensor is an accelerometer that incorporates a mass and a spring.