Download Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern by Richard Ackermann PDF
By Richard Ackermann
Read Online or Download Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe: Setting Priorities : Abridged Version of the Document Endorsed by the Ministerial Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland, 28-30 April, 1993 PDF
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Additional info for Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe: Setting Priorities : Abridged Version of the Document Endorsed by the Ministerial Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland, 28-30 April, 1993
Sample text
Also, a past tendency to build unnecessarily large treatment plants means that there is often adequate capacity once water consumption is reduced. Rural Water Supply and Wastewater, Agricultural and Non−Point Source Pollution The problems in rural areas are quite different and potentially more dangerous to human health. First, less than 10% of the population is served by public water supplies, and there is little or no adequate wastewater disposal. Nitrate pollution, in particular, affects a large part of the rural population (about 35% of the total population of Poland, Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Bulgaria).
The most recent study, by Dockery et al. S. cities for 14−16 years and which adjusted for age, sex, smoking, education level, and occupational health risks, found that the city with the worst fine particulate air pollution had a 26% higher mortality rate than the city with the least pollution of this kind. Thus, from a health perspective, it is difficult to come up with a strong theoretical rationale to concentrate on either dust or gases to the exclusion of the other. In practice, the list of places in the region where airborne pollution threatens human health include some where the primary exposure is to dust; some where the primary exposure is to one or more gas or vapor; and many where the problem is a combination of the two.
To achieve the most cost−effective use of resources, the CEE countries should, where possible, rely upon economic instruments to achieve environmental goals. Existing systems of pollution charges can be developed to provide an effective incentive for sound environmental practices. Simple market type approaches are not just realistic even in the current economic and institutional situation; they also provide the scope for large savings. Where regulatory policies are more appropriate—especially to control emissions of heavy metals and toxic chemicals—governments could adopt either the EU framework of standards or an equivalent system which provides a 10−20 year adjustment period.