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By Morton Lippmann
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Extra info for Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, 3rd Edition
Sample text
For example, Spengler et al. (1978) documented high exposures to CO at ice rinks from exhaust discharges by the icescraping machinery. 1 Deposition and Absorption The surface and systemic uptake of chemicals from inhaled air depend on both their physical and chemical properties and on the anatomy and pattern of respiration within the respiratory airways. The basic structure of the respiratory tract is illustrated in Fig. 5. The following discussion outlines some of the primary factors affecting the deposition and retention of inhaled chemicals.
DDT) may remain in the body for years without effect. On the contrary, accumulation may produce illnesses that develop slowly, as occurs in chronic Cd poisoning. A number of descriptive and mathematical models have been developed to permit estimation from knowledge of exposure and one or more of the following factors: translocation, metabolism, and effects at the site of toxic action. 22 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The use of these models for airborne particulate matter generally requires knowledge of the concentration within specific particle size intervals or of the particle size distribution of the compounds of interest.
For airborne particles, the most critical parameter affecting patterns and efficiencies of surface deposition is particle size. The mechanisms for particle deposition within respiratory airways are illustrated in Fig. 8. 1 mm. Such particles have diffusional displacements many orders of magnitude smaller than those of gas molecules, and they are small in relation to the sizes of the airways in which they are suspended. Thus, the penetration of airborne particles into the lung airways is determined primarily by convective flow; that is, the motion of the air in which the particles are suspended.