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By John P. Houston, Helen Bee and David C. Rimm (Auth.)

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All of this early work set the pattern for psychology as a systematic, experimental method of studying behavior. But physiological research lagged until the advent of such space-age wonders as big computers and microsurgery. Now, researchers can observe a specific nerve cell at work in a living subject or monitor the physiological reactions of an astronaut in space. With the development and use of vastly improved experimental techniques like these, the physiological approach is attracting more and more adherents.

Through this process, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the outside. When this happens, the cell is said to be depolarized. This reversal of electrical charge induces the next section of the membrane to become permeable, and so on, all the way to the end of the axon. Immediately afterwards, positively charged potassium ions go rushing out through the membrane, and the resting state is restored. Thus the action potential is created by the rapid exchange of charged particles through the "skin" of the axon.

5. Memory psychologists are interested in what happens to learned responses after we stop practicing them. They want to know how and why we forget certain information and retain other materials. 6. Cognitive psychologists are interested in complex inner mental activities such as language, thinking, problem solving, reasoning, remembering, and imagining. 7. Motivation psychologists are concerned with what energizes, directs, activates, and arouses us. This area focuses on drives, motives, needs, wants, and wishes.

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