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By Carlo Penco
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In the sections that follow, you’ll see several algorithms for each operation, starting with the classic methods for each. The classic algorithms, which are based on iterative addition or subtraction, may or may not be the fastest way to execute a particular operation on your target machine. 42 INTEGERS Though error checking must always be done for correct results, the errors that occur with these routines don’t have the same impact on the processor state as those involving hardware instructions.
L Sign Extension. This instruction repeats the value of the MSB of the byte or word through the next byte, word, or doubleword so the proper results can be obtained from an arithmetic operation. This is useful for converting a small data type to a larger data type of the same sign for such operations as multiplication and division. Shifts, Rotates and Normalization Rotate. This simple operation can occur to the right or the left. In the case of a ROTATE to the right, each bit of the data type is shifted to the right; the LSB is deposited in the carry, while a zero is shifted in on the left.
This problem is encountered frequently in integer arithmetic and floating point. Most floating-point routines have some form of extended precision so that rounding can be performed. This requires storage, which usually defaults to some minimal data type (the routines in Chapter 4 use a word). The sticky bit reduces the need for such extended precision. It indicates that during a right shift, a one was shifted into the carry flag and then shifted out. Along with the carry flag, the sticky bit can be used for rounding.