Download Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and by Jacob Fraden PDF
By Jacob Fraden
The Handbook's insurance of sensors is vast, starting from easy photodiodes to advanced units containing elements together. It bargains hard-to-find reference info at the homes of diverse fabrics and sensing components and emphasizes units which are much less recognized, whose expertise continues to be being subtle, and whose use allows the size of variables that have been formerly inaccessible.
This ebook is set units in most cases referred to as sensors. The scope of this ebook is very large overlaying many alternative designs.
Contents
Preface
1 information Acquisition
2 Sensor Characteristics
three actual ideas of Sensing
four Optical elements of Sensors
five Interface digital Circuits
6 Occupancy and movement Detectors
7 place, Displacement, and Level
eight pace and Acceleration
nine strength, pressure, and Tactile Sensors
10 strain Sensors
eleven circulate Sensors
12 Acoustic Sensors
thirteen Humidity and Moisture Sensors
14 gentle Detectors
15 Radiation Detectors
sixteen Temperature Sensors
17 Chemical Sensors
18 Sensor fabrics and Technologies
Appendix
Index
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Extra info for Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications
Sample text
The output and input impedances generally should be represented in a complex form, as they may include active and reactive components. To minimize the output signal distortions, a current generating sensor (B) should have an output impedance as high as possible and the circuit’s input impedance should be low. For the voltage connection (A), a sensor is preferable with lower Zout and the circuit should have Zin as high as practical. (A) (B) Fig. 8. Sensor connection to an interface circuit: (A) sensor has voltage output; (B) sensor has current output.
2) S = aeks . 4) Exponential function: Power function: where k is a constant number. A sensor may have such a transfer function that none of the above approximations fits sufficiently well. In that case, a higher-order polynomial approximation is often employed. For a nonlinear transfer function, the sensitivity b is not a fixed number as for the linear relationship [Eq. 1)]. At any particular input value, s0 , it can be defined as b= dS(s0 ) . 5) In many cases, a nonlinear sensor may be considered linear over a limited range.
In other words, the logarithmic scale for small objects works as a microscope, and for the large objects, it works as a telescope. 1. 8) 1 dB = 10 log . P1 In a similar manner, decibels are equal to 20 times the log of the force, current, or voltage: S2 1 dB = 20 log . 3 Full-Scale Output Full-scale output (FSO) is the algebraic difference between the electrical output signals measured with maximum input stimulus and the lowest input stimulus applied. This must include all deviations from the ideal transfer function.