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By Thomas J. Hickey

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This empirical underdetermination may be due to errors of measurement or to the residual vagueness always present in descriptive variables and terms, and it is often reduced by development of more adequate observation practices and technologies for test designs. ” Scientific pluralism is the undecidability among alternative laws and consequently explanations due to the empirical underdetermination of language. Copyright 2005 by Thomas J. Hickey 41 INTRODUCTION Nonempirical Linguistic Constraints The constraint imposed by empirical test outcomes, the empirical constraint, is an institutionalized cultural value that is not viewed as an obstacle to be overcome, but rather is a condition to be respected for the advancement of science.

A theory may lead to discoveries, but the adoption of a theory always carries a danger: even the most fruitful theory may be an obstacle to inquiry. By way of example Mach says the theory that light is an undifferentiated straight line of particles impeded the discovery of the periodicity of light. The ideal of a given domain of facts is direct description; such description accomplishes all that the scientific investigator could wish Scientific Criticism In the Analysis of Sensations Mach states that he has taken Hume as his starting point, and this starting point is reflected in his views on scientific criticism.

Pragmatists permit but do not require mentalistic or nonmentalistic ontologies. On the cognitive psychology view the aim of science is whatever they find in history; they do not characterize it. Philosophically they are eclectic. They reject Behaviorism, which is Positivism in psychology, yet they distinguish observation terms, as those that are inputted to the system, from theoretical terms, as those that are generated and outputted by the system. Like the Romantics they view the subject of their psychological investigations as mental representations, but contrary to the Romantics they equate human concepts to the data structures in their computer systems.

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