Download Kinesics and context : essays on body motion communication by Ray Birdwhistell PDF
By Ray Birdwhistell
Ray L. Birdwhistell, during this examine of human physique movement (a learn he phrases "kinesics"), advances the idea that human communique wishes and makes use of all of the senses, that the knowledge conveyed through human gestures and pursuits is coded and patterned another way in a variety of cultures, and that those codes could be found by means of expert scrutiny of specific hobbies inside a social context.
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Extra resources for Kinesics and context : essays on body motion communication
Sample text
Let me hasten to add that the terms "primary," "secondary," and "tertiary" imply no functional priorities. There seems plenty of reason to believe that these levels are mutually interinfluential. Patterned social behavior seems to be required to permit the necessary physiological functioning requisite for successful and fertile mating. And, we have at least anecdotal evidence and clinical reports that certain of the secondary sexual characteristics respond to both the physiological substratum and the particular social-behavioral context.
Fol example, not only did I find that a number of my subjects "smiled" when they were subjected to what seemed to be a positive environment, but some "smiled" in an aversive one. My psychiatric friends provided me with a variety of psychological explanations for this apparent contradiction, but I was determined to develop social data without recourse to such explanations. Yet, inevitably, these ideas shaped my early research. As I enlarged my observational survey, it became evident that there was little constancy to the phenomenon.
We could, if we wished, make a list of the musculature of the lips and around the mouth. Such a listing might be of interest to an anatomist or to the plastic surgeon attempting to restore expression to a mutilated face or to a neurologist searching for a way to repair the damage of a neural accident. But this is not what we are seeking. Even our most preliminary investigation reveals that the lateral extension of the corners of the mouth or the upward pull on the upper lips, or any combinations of these do not make a recognizable smile.