Download Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology [Vol 19] by Kirk-Othmer PDF
By Kirk-Othmer
The 5th version of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical know-how builds upon the forged origin of the former variants, that have confirmed to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at educational, business, and executive associations in view that e-book of the 1st version in 1949.
the hot version comprises worthy changes and modernisation of the content material to mirror alterations and advancements in chemical know-how. offering a large scope of articles on chemicals, homes, production, and makes use of; on business approaches, unit operations in chemical engineering; and on basics and clinical matters relating to the field.
The Encyclopedia describes validated know-how in addition to innovative themes of curiosity within the large box of chemical know-how, when uniquely supplying the mandatory point of view and perception into pertinent facets, instead of in simple terms featuring information.
* Set begun ebook in January 2004
* Over 1,000 articles
* greater than six hundred new or up to date articles
* 27 volumes
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Extra resources for Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology [Vol 19]
Example text
Values of MC for a number of polymers are given in Appendix A. This is not to be confused with two other rheologically meaningful critical molecular weights M0 C and Me, which will be introduced later. 34 2 Viscosity and Normal Stress Differences For polydisperse materials, it is found that Eq. e. those with M \ MC. g0 ¼ KMwa ð2:21Þ This relationship leads directly to a blending law for viscosity. For example, in a binary blend of two monodisperse samples of the same polymer having molecular weights M1 and M2, the weight-average molecular weight of the blend is given by: Mwb ¼ w1 M1 þ w2 M2 ð2:22Þ where w1, and w2, are the weight fractions of the blend components.
By use of this procedure, the range of reduced shear rate range over which a master curve can be prepared is broader than the range of shear rates over which measurements can be made. For a polymer well above its glass transition temperature, it is often found that the zero-shear viscosity obeys the well-known Arrhenius relationship shown by Eq. 15). ! Ea 1 1 À g0 ðTÞ ¼ g0 ðT0 Þ exp ð2:15Þ R T T0 30 2 Viscosity and Normal Stress Differences The constant Ea is called the activation energy for flow.
The picture is more complicated in the case of asymmetric stars. Gell et al. [30] studied a series of asymmetric stars made by adding arms of varying length at the midpoint of a very long backbone (M/Me & 40). They found that even a short arm Fig. 17 Zero-shear viscosity at 379 °C versus Mw for polybutadienes having various structures: linear (circles), three-arm stars (squares), four-arm stars (trangles). At low Mw branched systems fall below the line for linear molecules, and at higher Mw their values rise above the line and approach an exponential behavior.