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By Javier Sanchez Mondragon, Kurt B. Wolf
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Maxwell’s equations combine and complete the laws formerly established by Faraday, Amp`ere, Gauss, Poisson, and others. Since Maxwell’s equations are differential equations they do not account for any fields that are constant in space and time. Any such field can therefore be added to the fields. It has to be emphasized that the concept of fields was introduced to explain the transmission of forces from a source to a receiver. The physical observables are therefore forces, whereas the fields are definitions introduced to explain the troublesome phenomenon of the “action at a distance”.
20] G. A. Massey, “Microscopy and pattern generation with scanned evanescent waves,” Appl. Opt. 23, 658–660 (1984). [21] D. W. Pohl, W. Denk, and M. Lanz, “Optical stethoscopy: image recording with resolution λ/20,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 651–653 (1984). ◦ [22] A. Lewis, M. Isaacson, A. Harootunian, and A. Muray, “Development of a 500 A spatial resolution light microscope,” Ultramicroscopy 13, 227–231 (1984). 12 Introduction [23] E. Betzig, M. Isaacson, and A. Lewis, “Collection mode nearfield scanning optical microscopy,” Appl.
The ordinate represents the measured optical power. From [9]. 6 Intensity enhancement on top of a glass surface irradiated by a plane wave with variable angle of incidence θ1 . 8◦ marked by the vertical line. up to a factor of 4 larger than the incoming intensity. The maximum enhancement is found at the critical angle of TIR. 41). A similar enhancement effect, but a much stronger one, can be obtained when the glass/air interface is covered by a thin layer of a noble metal. Here, so-called surface plasmon polaritons can be excited.