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By B.H. WALKER (Eds.)

Advancements in agricultural and managed-forest ecology, 7

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The vegetation in relation t o soil and water conservation in East Africa. Comm o n w . Bur. Pastures Field Crops Bull. N o . 4 1 : 28—43. Elliott, R . , 1 9 6 3 . Studies of protein requirements of ruminants. 1. Nitrogen balance trials on t w o breeds of African cattle given diets adequate in energy and l o w in protein. Br. J. , 17: 539—548. , 1 9 7 1 . An investigation into the use of insecticidal baits for the control of Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen). Phytophylactica, 3 : 9 7 — 1 0 2 . , 1 9 7 1 .

Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, 1 2 8 pp. , 1 9 6 5 . The African Husbandman. Oliver and B o y d , London, 5 0 5 pp. Animal Production Research Unit, Botswana, 1 9 7 5 . A Five Year Programme of Integrated Beef Cattle and Range Research in Botswana 1 9 7 0 — 1 9 7 5 . Part I. Technical Results. Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana, 1 8 2 pp. , 1 9 7 6 . A review of plant-based m e t h o d s of estimating food consumption, percentage utilisation, species preferences and feeding patterns of grazing and browsing animals.

In some instances as many as 30 to 40 or more paddocks have been used. The arrangement facilitates cattle management and supervision and is especially suitable in relatively uniform vegetation in country with subdued relief. (4) Grazing procedure It is general experience that individual animal performance is invariably at a high level with continuous grazing (set-stocking) at conservative, though not necessarily ultra-conservative rates. However, in natural vegetation especially, set-stocking frequently leads to over-use of certain preferred communities or species and hence to localized degradation and undesirable changes in species composition.

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