Download Measurements from Maps. Principles and Methods of Cartometry by D H Maling PDF
By D H Maling
A vintage textual content and reference paintings for college kids, teachers and execs drawing close cartometry from quite a lot of backgrounds - geography, cartography, forestry and stereology. the writer hasd transcended those topic obstacles to provide a definitive and coherent advisor to the idea and means of measuring distance and components on maps. to extend this book's accessibility, at the very least mathematical wisdom is assumed.
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Additional resources for Measurements from Maps. Principles and Methods of Cartometry
Example text
This is the solution of the problem of how to calculate the distance between two points on the earth's surface which are too far apart to allow us to assume that the earth is a plane. We do not attempt to explain here what we mean by "too far apart", nor to justify the assumption that the earth is truly spherical. These subjects are treated in some detail in later chapters where we discuss use of the method in the location of offshore boundaries. At this stage it is sufficient to know that the required distance is the shorter arc of the great circle passing through the points A and B in Fig.
Ultimately the information shown o n these source maps has also been plotted by photogrammetric methods unless the sources are so old that the detail was surveyed on the ground. It is exceptional, nowadays, for a new m a p to be plotted entirely from ground surveys. The photogrammetric methods of plotting detail relay, in turn, upon the availability of ground control. This represents the positions and heights of certain identifiable points on the ground which have been located by field survey methods.
The combination of both variable scale resulting from surface relief and tilt creates images on the photograph which do not fit the corresponding features of a map. Since the deformation of the images increases with the a m o u n t of tilt, the vertical aerial photograph is now always used in preference to the oblique photograph for mapping. Obviously the vertical aerial photograph is also more convenient for cartometric use. Although the geometrical deformations of the aerial photograph may appear to be similar to those caused by the projection of the map, we must not proceed too far with this analogy.