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By Elting E. Morison

Men, Machines, and smooth instances, notwithstanding eventually inquisitive about a favorable substitute to an Orwellian 1984, bargains an exciting sequence of ancient bills taken from the 19th century to spotlight a prime subject: the character of technological swap, the fission led to in society by way of such swap, and society's response to that change.Beginning with a amazing representation of resistance to innovation within the U.S. army following an officer's discovery of a extra exact solution to hearth a gun at sea, Elting Morison is going directly to narrate the unusual heritage of the hot version steamship, the Wapanoag, within the 1860s. He then maintains with the problems confronting the creation of the pasteurization procedure for milk; he lines the advance of the Bessemer approach; and at last, he considers the pc. whereas the discussions are liberally sprinkled with a laugh examples and anecdotes, all are regarding the extra profound and present challenge of the way to arrange and deal with method of principles, energies, and equipment to be able to agree to the human dimension.

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Among the better known examples of the use of export controls as an instrument of US foreign policy is the embargo placed on US goods intended for the 1980 Moscow Olympics in protest at the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Then there was the grain embargo of 1980-1, whose casual administration by the Department of Commerce was soon to be exposed. 38 Oil and gas technology had been targeted for export control in 1978 to display indignation at various Soviet misdemeanours, particularly human rights infringements and the treatment of Anatoly Shcharansky.

18 The technical press screamed in dismay - to no avail whatsoever: Earlier this year Steve Byren, a deputy assistant secretary of defense, seriously tried to tell the US Computer and Business Manufacturers Association that Nato used off-the-shelf personal computers for its Distributed Command and Control System. 'We know this type of equipment is effective', he told the CBEMA. 'In a recent Nato exercise, the side using an Apple computer won' ... He probably went to school with the US Department of Defense spokesman who, when Sweden intercepted a Vax 11-780 being illegally exported to the USSR, claimed that Vax machines were 'used inside Russian cruise missiles as part of the guidance system'.

48 Japanese competitiveness in high technology had shown absolutely no sign of diminishing, and nor had American disquiet. It was easy to judge that a striking example of Japanese venality in high technology would be publicly acceptable and would illustrate convincingly the military cost of commercial profit. DoD calculations of the cost of coping with less noisy Russian submarines were reported variously as $8 billion and $30 billion and even $60 billion 49 - quite sufficient, whatever the figure, to put the commercial cost calculations of the NAS completely in the shade.

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