Download Michel Foucault by Mark Cousins, Athar Hussain (auth.) PDF
By Mark Cousins, Athar Hussain (auth.)
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Sample text
The question then is not whether the 16th-century 'thought' that precious metals as money were conventional signs of wealth or were wealth itself. That is to impose our own grid of logical alternatives upon the Renaissance. Within the scheme of the Renaissance episteme for something to signify wealth it must bear the mark of wealth within it. It is true that there were continual attempts to re-standardise currency, to bring monetary signs back into conformity with themselves. The nominal values stamped upon coins should conform to the quantity of metal chosen as a standard and incorporated into the coin.
By invoking labour in this way a category was referred to which could no longer be handled by discussion of value as the articulation of wealth. Other and different theories now entered, that of production as an anthropological fact of human existence. In natural history the usual history charts a success scored by vitalism over mechanism. This was in fact a surface effect of a deeper change. What occurred was that while the general principles of taxonomy were retained, the category of visible structure was gradually changed to organic structure.
Foucault approaches this question by noticing that the Port-Royal Grammar was at least in part concerned with the reform of language teaching. Up to the middle of the seventeenth century teaching manuals stated the grammatical rules of a language in that language. Not only examples, but the rules themselves, were stated in the language being taught, so that the rule was taught as an example of itself. Apprenticeship in learning a language took place within that language. But the reforms in language teaching in which the authors of the Port-Royal Grammar were involved undid this figure.