Download Models of the Atomic Nucleus: Unification Through a Lattice by Norman D. Cook PDF
By Norman D. Cook
Very intuitive and bodily certain visualization software program for nuclear modelsDatabase of all nuclei and isotopes includedAll nuclear parameters are adjustable in a large rangeComprehensive and introductory ebook on nuclear modelsPlatform invariant software program (Windows, Unix, Mac)
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Additional info for Models of the Atomic Nucleus: Unification Through a Lattice of Nucleons
Example text
As seen from Fig. 8, removal of an electron from an inert gas requires the most energy in each row of the Periodic Table. Similarly, removal of an electron requires the least energy for the closed-shell-plus-one-electron alkali metals. Although some subshell structure is again evident [notably the relatively high ionization energies of Zinc (Z = 30), Cadmium (Z = 48), and Mercury (Z = 80)], the nobility of the noble gases is nonetheless pre-eminent in their having the highest ionization energies in each row.
Such values for the first 85 elements are shown in Fig. 6. There is a slight trend toward larger radii as we proceed to heavier elements in the Periodic Table, but more striking than the small increase in average atomic volume with increases in the number of electrons are the five peaks arising at elements 3, 11, 19, 37, and 55. These numbers correspond to elements with one more electron than the closed shells at 2, 10, 18, 36 and 54 electrons. The quantum mechanical explanation is that the closed shells form a core structure, and the one excess electron “orbits” externally.
05 fm3 volume) occupy about 635 fm3 . A more careful examination of such numbers will be made in Chap. 6, but this rough estimate of nuclear density indicates that nucleons make up the bulk of the nuclear volume (~90%). The results of the calculation of nuclear density contrast sharply with a similar estimate of the amount of space occupied by electrons in a typical atom. 8 fm. However, because the electrons are spread over a volume of about one cubic Angstrom, even a relatively electron-dense atom, such as lead, will be only 1/100,000th occupied by the particulate matter of its electrons.