Download Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation State by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. PDF
By Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.
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Additional info for Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation State
Sample text
THE EMERGENCE OF AHMAD URABI In 1879 Egypt’s status remained what it had been since 1840—that of an autonomous Ottoman province. Even though the European ambassadors were now more influential and the Debt Commission would take more than half the government revenues in 1880 to start reducing its huge debt to foreign creditors, Egypt had no colonial governor and no foreign army of occupation. The problem was that the financial stringencies hurt nearly every Egyptian; they led to government cutbacks for the army, schools, public works, and even essential maintenance.
One of Sa id’s oldest friends was Ferdinand de Lesseps, a former diplomat, whom he had known twenty years earlier as France’s consul in Alexandria. A devoted father, Mehmet Ali had strictly supervised his sons’ physical training. Even as a boy Sa id had been overweight, a condition that Mehmet Ali made him overcome by climbing ships’ masts and running around the palace while adhering to a spartan diet. Sa id used to flee to the French consulate, where De Lesseps won his devotion by feeding him bowls of macaroni.
The new constitution was proclaimed in November, elections were held, and the khedive opened Egypt’s first representative body with 44 Chapter 4: The British Occupation legislative powers. But the Europeans feared for their safety, if they were living in Egypt, or for their bonds, if they had invested in its economy. Britain joined France in issuing a joint note that threatened to intervene to support the khedive, but, far from intimidating the Egyptian nationalists, this step only further emboldened them.