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By Committee on the National Ecological Observatory Network;Board on Life Sciences;Division on Earth and Life Studies;National Research Council;National Academy of Sciences

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1999). The damming of rivers—a major form of habitat use—can provide water for agricultural and urban use and can provide hydroelectric power. However, damming can also affect fisheries and threaten species with extinction. Because materials and organisms are transported from one site to another through the atmosphere, groundwater, streams, and rivers, land-use and habitat alteration in one region can have substantial effects on other regions. Thus, land-use and 41 NEON: ADDRESSING THE NATION’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES habitat alteration have to be examined and understood on regional to continental scales.

We use the term continental to describe transcontinental processes. Although there are a few continentwide environmental monitoring programs—Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiments, National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network, Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and so on—those programs rarely link physical environmental changes to biological processes. To adequately study the sources of and seek solutions for environmental problems on this expanded range of scales, 23 NEON: ADDRESSING THE NATION’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES information on physical and geochemical processes should be complemented by biological studies.

The identification of potentially harmful invasive species, the early detection of new species as invasion begins, and the knowledge base needed to prevent their spread require a comprehensive monitoring and experimental network and a mechanistic understanding of the interplay of invader, ecosystem traits and other factors including climate and land use that determine invasiveness. • Land use and habitat alteration. Deforestation, suburbanization, road construction, agriculture, and other human land-use activities cause changes in ecosystems.

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