Download Physics of solar cells: From principles to new concepts by Peter Würfel PDF
By Peter Würfel
Peter Würfel describes intimately all points of sun cellphone functionality, the physics in the back of each step, in addition to the entire concerns to be thought of whilst enhancing sunlight cells and their potency. according to the hugely winning German model, yet completely revised and up-to-date, this version comprises the newest wisdom at the mechanisms of solar power conversion. Requiring not more than general physics wisdom, it permits readers to appreciate the standards using conversion potency and to use this data to their very own sunlight mobile improvement.
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If you use a spring or a very small creek, it may be that the amount of water available is a factor that limits your power output. One secret of water flow measurement is that it is seldom indeed that a whole creek is taken up with a microhydro project. None of our case studies use all the water available to them. Piping is expensive and it is much more likely that economic considerations will make pipe diameter and length the factors that limit the amount of water used in a system. Microhydro systems use between 2 and 1,000 gallons per minute.
This is the output you get from your system when full sun is shining on it, or the wind is blowing at a certain speed. But the solar resource varies a lot. In order to tell how many kilowatt hours you will get from a PV system, you will have to know how many hours the sun will shine, adjusted for those hours when it is not shining quite enough for full output, in each month. This varies a lot from place to place. Summer is pretty nice everywhere. But the amount of sun you get in winter is quite different depending on your location.
Find this figure on the column of the appropriate frictional loss table on either page 46 (PVC) or 47 (polyethylene). 43 MICROHYDRO: Clean Power from Water Go Figure! Let's say you have measured a static head of 60 feet, in a run of 600 feet of 2" poly pipe. You need to choose a flow rate. A 25% loss to friction produces lots of power, using not too much water; the maximum you should use would produce a 33 % frictional loss. 5 feet per hundred. A lower rate of head loss will produce more power from a given amount of water.