Download Polymer photovoltaics: A practical approach by Krebs F.C. (ed.) PDF
By Krebs F.C. (ed.)
This ebook is meant to be a realistic consultant within the laboratory for the experimental solar-cell scientist even if she or he is concerned with synthesis, machine coaching, processing, or machine characterization. invaluable to all scientists operating virtually within the box, the publication offers the method of making a polymer solar-cell gadget starting with an outline of fabrics, together with how they're made and characterised, by way of how the fabrics are processed into units and movies, and the way those are characterised. From there, the prestige of 2 rising fields of polymer sun cells are defined: degradation and balance and large-scale processing.Contents - Index - Preface - checklist of abbreviations - creation - The Polymer sunlight cellphone - Characterization of natural sunlight Cells - Lifetime and balance experiences - Processing and creation of enormous Modules - Outlook - References
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Extra info for Polymer photovoltaics: A practical approach
Example text
3-alkyl thiophenes can be polymerized by oxidation with, for example, ferric chloride. The initial cation radical reacts with other thiophene molecules and protons are eliminated to regain conjugation. This material is a regiorandom polymer with thiophene units joined at the 2- or 5-positions (head to head, head to tail, and tail to tail) (Fig. 7). In the head-to-head type dimer, the alkyl groups force the thiophenes to adopt an out-of-plane geometry, reducing the electronic overlap and limiting the intermolecular interactions.
2 The substrate The preparation of the OPV device starts with the substrate, which is typically a glass slide with a thin layer of ITO that is a transparent electrically conducting material. The ITO needs to be patterned to avoid making short circuits when contacting the completed device. This is achieved by etching as shown schematically in Figs. 39. The conducting side of the glass-ITO slide can be found by measuring the resistance with a simple multimeter. When handling materials, it is advisable to use gloves to avoid depositing grease from the fingers.
It is important to stress that the device must be washed immediately after etching is complete to remove acid traces. Failure to do this results in a poor definition of the etched area (Fig. 41). The ITO side is rubbed with chloroform on lens paper, and then placed in a beaker with chloroform in an ultrasonic bath for 5–15 min. This is to remove tape residues and other soluble organic materials. The slides can be stored in this etched form indefinitely when kept dry. There are several lithographic methods available for creating the pattern by etching; the tape method is simple and fast.