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By Rainich G. Y.
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Extra info for Radiation and Relativity I
Example text
1999). Consequently, the thickness of an unknown similar material can be determined from measured intensity, I, of the transmitted beta particleradiation after placing the material between the beta particle-source and detector without altering the counting geometry. , 1995). Beta particle-transmission has many practical applications today in industrial manufacturing. , 1985). These are commonly referred to as beta transmission thickness gauges. The beta particle-sources used depend on the absorber thickness to be measured and the Emax of the beta particles.
Dashed arrows are placed through the blocks that segregate radionuclides interrelated with common daughter nuclides resulting from À or þ decay processes. For example, the stable nuclide 12C of atomic number 6 has a nucleus with an n/p ratio of 6/6. However, the nuclide 12N of atomic number 7 has an unstable n/p ratio of 5/7, an excess of protons. Thus, this nuclide decays via positron emission according to the equation 12 7N ! 126 C þ þ þ # ð1:32Þ 12 C by positron emission as indicated by a dashed arrow of Fig.
However, internal-conversion electrons are emitted from the atoms of decaying nuclei with discrete lines of energy of a magnitude equivalent to that of the energy lost by the nuclei less the electron binding energy. The energy of an internal-conversion electron can be used to estimate the energy lost by a nucleus. Like beta particles, internal-conversion electrons dissipate their energy by ionization they cause in matter. The abundance of internal-conversion electrons emitted from some nuclide samples can be significant and should not be ignored.