Download The gastrointestinal system at a glance by Satish Keshav PDF
By Satish Keshav
This concise advent to the gastrointestinal method encapsulates the basic evidence and ideas of this quickly becoming and altering area of expertise. Written by means of skilled clinicians and lecturers, the textual content covers the elemental options of either the technology surrounding the gastrointestinal process and the fundamentals of medical perform in an available, lucid format.
Now totally supported via a better half site at www.ataglanceseries.com/gastro containing interactive MCQs and downloadable electronic flashcards, The Gastrointestinal procedure at a Glance is the suitable revision relief for scientific and allied health and wellbeing scholars, and offers precious perception for somebody looking a accomplished and concise advisor to this topic area.
- Fully revised and up-to-date to incorporate additional assurance of diagnostic and healing endoscopy, revised liver chapters and a brand new bankruptcy on embryology
- Now in complete color throughout
- Supported by way of a better half web site containing interactive self-assessment and electronic flashcards - ideal for either examine and revision
- Provides an built-in method of either the fundamental and scientific technological know-how of this center specialty
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Sample text
An inner oblique layer augments these layers in the stomach, and the circular layer is thickened around the sphincters, increasing the constrictive force. The main sphincters are the lower oesophageal sphincter, the pylorus, the sphincter of Oddi, the ileocaecal valve and the anal sphincter. A thin layer of muscle, the muscularis mucosae, separates the lamina propria from the submucosa. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped and lack striations created by organized bundles of actin and myosin. Function Contraction is mediated by cross-linking of actin and myosin, as in striated muscle.
It is the most common malformation of the small intestine, but is rarely symptomatic. Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the intestine, and in about 60% of cases it preferentially affects the terminal ileum, causing mucosal ulceration and transmural granulomatous inflammation. An inflammatory mass and fistulae between the small intestine and adjacent structures, such as the bladder, may occur. Crohn’s disease of the terminal ileum has been shown to be associated with mutations in the NOD2 gene, which may determine how monocytes and Paneth cells interact with enteric bacteria (see Chapter 36).
The terminal ileal epithelium is specialized for the digestion of vitamin B12, which is disassociated from intrinsic factor in the terminal ileum (see Chapter 22). Bile acids are released from mixed micelles as fats, are digested and absorbed proximally, and are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum through specific transport proteins. The liver then recycles bile acids through the entero-hepatic circulation. Specialized ileal function is therefore essential for healthy nutrition (see Chapter 25). Approximately 1 m of functioning small intestine must remain to allow adequate absorption of nutrients.