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By Blanshard Brand
First released in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa corporation.
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Extra resources for The Nature of Thought (2 Volumes)
Sample text
Contexts were taken to be sets of background assumptions of speakers and hearers. 25 22 Definitions (19) and (20) are roughly patterned after those given in Stalnaker (1972, 1973, 1974). 23 See Karttunen and Peters (1979, 13–15) for a discussion of the relationship between conventional implicature and speaker and sentential presupposition. 24 The only difference is that in Karttunen (1973) and (1974) the condition given for disjunction was asymmetric and was equivalent to (i): (i) (A or B)i = (Ai & (Ae ∨ Bi)) The possibility that the conditions for disjunctions (and conjunctions) might be symmetric was mentioned in footnote 5 of Karttunen (1974), where (24) was given.
However, this is a matter of detail that need not concern us here. 27 The conventions governing this notation parallel those in footnote 10. Again, I am not worrying here about the difference between sentences and propositions. 29 This can easily be seen by comparing the inheritance condition (13) with the filtering condition (26). According to (13), an indicative conditional, (28), conventionally implicates and, hence, presupposes (29): (28) If A, then B (29) Ai & (Ae → Bi) Since Si in the new system corresponds to Sp in the old system, and since A and Ae have the same truth conditions, (13) predicts that (28) presupposes (30): (30) Ap & (A → Bp) The filtering condition (26) makes the same prediction.
In each case the compound sentence is said to inherit all of the conventional implicatures of A, but not B. (14), on the other hand, is symmetric regarding the contributions of A and B. The reason for this symmetry is provided by examples like (18a, b): (18) a. Either there is no king of France, or the king of France is in hiding. b. Either the king of France is in hiding, or there is no king of France. These sentences are disjunctive counterparts of (9). In neither case does a speaker who utters the sentence implicate that there is a king of France.