Download Urinary and Fecal Incontinence: An Interdisciplinary by Horst-Dieter Becker, Arnulf Stenzl, Diethelm Wallwiener, PDF

By Horst-Dieter Becker, Arnulf Stenzl, Diethelm Wallwiener, Tilman T. Zittel

The e-book surveys the superiority, the pathophysiology, the prognosis, the present remedy, either conservative and operative, and the long term end result of therapy of urinary and fecal incontinence. it truly is designated at basic and colorectal surgeons, urologists, gynecologists and gastroenterologists who deal with incontinent sufferers, and in addition offers basic practitioners and geriatric physicians an summary of the diagnostic equipment and remedies that may be provided to incontinent sufferers.

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Nitric oxide has been implicated as one of the neurotransmitters involved in urethral relaxation (Andersson and Persson 1994). Interestingly, the urethral pressure during micturition is reduced by a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor in female rats (Bennett et al. 1995). Besides muscular intracellular function, research has focused on the different effects of various neuropeptides in normal tissue. This is an important step in understanding the complex function of the lower urinary tract, especially the continence and micturition mechanisms.

Although the function of caveolins is still under investigation, caveolin-3 has been shown to colocalize with dystrophin and to be increased in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Hoffman and Kunkel 1989). Nitric oxide has been implicated as one of the neurotransmitters involved in urethral relaxation (Andersson and Persson 1994). Interestingly, the urethral pressure during micturition is reduced by a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor in female rats (Bennett et al. 1995). Besides muscular intracellular function, research has focused on the different effects of various neuropeptides in normal tissue.

The costs of urinary and fecal incontinence is not adequately described by the dollars spent in the healthcare system. Nonetheless, in the current climate of economic healthcare rationalization, it remains useful to calculate the measurable costs of a disorder, as least to justify expenditure on this rather than upon some other medical problem. The costs of an illness comprises three components: direct costs, which include personal costs (pads, replacement of urine-soaked clothes) and treatment costs (met by patients and by several government subsidies); indirect costs, which include lost productivity both in the home and in outside employment; and intangible costs, which are most difficult to measure financially, but include psychological distress and impaired physical or mental health.

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