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Campbell DE. 2001. Proposal for including what is valuable to ecosystems in environmental assessments. Env Sci Technol 35: 2867–2873. Di Guilio R, Benson W, editors. 2002. Interconnections between human health and ecological integrity. Pensacola (FL): SETAC Press. 110 p. Eisner T, Lubchenco J, Wilson EO, Wilcove DS, Bean MJ. 1995. Building a scientifically sound policy for protecting endangered species. Science 268:1231–1232. McDaniels TL. 1995. Using judgment in resource management: a multiple objective analysis of a fisheries management decision.

7 Put simply, concern with the environment as expressed in willingness to pay is a reflection of more general and relatively stable values. Individuals differ in those values, and some of these differences may be related to social structure and culture, including gender and ethnicity (Dietz et al. 2002; Kalof et al. 2002), though these relations have not been extensively investigated. As suggested earlier, a determination of an individual’s sense of the economic value of some ecological resource can be contextualized and more completely understood through an analysis of communitybased sociocultural value (Boxall and Adamowicz 1999).

The methods described here and detailed elsewhere in the volume allow us to estimate those values. However, they do not provide a mechanism for capturing those values in ways that allow them to be balanced against the market values that drive most private sector decisions. While this disjuncture is most true for ecosystem cultural services, it can be true for services that are public goods (services freely provide to all) such as ground water recharge, runoff mitigation, microclimate moderation, carbon sequestration, and so on.

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