Download How Nature Works: the science of self-organized criticality by Per Bak PDF
By Per Bak
and acknowledgments Self-organized criticality is a brand new manner of viewing nature. the elemental photo is one the place nature is forever out of stability, yet prepared in a poised state-the severe state-where whatever can ensue inside well-defined statistical legislation. the purpose of the technological know-how of self-organized criticality is to yield perception into the basic query of why nature is advanced, now not uncomplicated, because the legislation of physics suggest. Self-organized criticality explains a few ubiquitous styles present in nature that we view as advanced. Fractal constitution and catastrophic occasions are between these regularities. purposes variety from the learn of pulsars and black holes to earthquakes and the evolution of existence. One exciting conse quence of the speculation is that catastrophes can happen for no cause whatever. Mass extinctions could ensue with none exterior triggering mechanism corresponding to a volcanic eruption or a meteorite hitting the earth (although the the ory after all can't rule out that this has in reality occurred). xu How Nature Works because we first proposed the belief in 1987, greater than 2,ooo papers were written on self-organized criticality, making ours the main mentioned paper in physics in the course of that interval. How Nature Works is the 1st booklet to house the topic. the elemental proposal is easy, and many of the mathematical types which have been utilized in the implementation of the speculation will not be complicated.
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Extra info for How Nature Works: the science of self-organized criticality
Example text
Each pendulum was connected with its four neighbors, in the up, down, left, and right directions. Starting from having all pendulums in the down direction, one arbitrary pendulum would be wound up by one revolution. This would put more pressure on the neighbors. Then another pendulum would be chosen, and so on. For a while there were only single rotations, but at some point one spring would be wound up enough to trigger another pendulum to rotate. Continuing further, at some point there would be enough energy stored in the springs that there would be large chain reactions, where one pendulum would trigger the next by a domino effect.
Our calculations on the model showed how a system that obeys simple, benign local rules can organize itself imo a poised state that evolves in terms of flashing, imermittem bursts rather than following a smooth path. We did not set out with the imemion of studying sand piles. As with many other discoveries in science, the discovery of sandpile dynamics was accidemal. This chapter describes the evems leading to the discovery. In hindsight, things could have been much simpler; our thinking wem through some quire convoluted paths.
This work was followed shortly after, in I 96 3, by the discovery ofa violation of the "CP" symmetry principle. According to which, the laws of physics would stay the same if all particles were to be replaced by their antiparticles, while all their motions were replaced by their mirror images. It was found that one particle, a neutral K meson, occasionally decays to two pi mesons in violation of that principle. In I 98o the Nobel Prize was awarded to Val Fitch and James Cronin for this discovery.