Download Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling by Y. Kamide PDF
By Y. Kamide
Some time past twenty years a succession of direct observations by way of satellites, and of intensive laptop simulations, has resulted in the belief that the polar ionosphere performs a primary function in large-scale magnetospheric methods - a manifestation of the physics linkage interested by solar-terrestrial interactions. Spatial/temporal diversifications in high-latitude electromagnetic phenomena, resembling dynamic aurorae, electrical fields and currents, have proved to be super advanced. Now the problem is to appreciate the titanic quantity of advanced measurements made during this magnetosphere-ionosphere sysstem of the Earth. This e-book addresses coupling among the recent, yet dilute, magnetospheric plasma and the chilly, yet dense, plasma within the ionosphere.
In 5 significant chapters, this ebook offers: - easy houses of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling; - morphology of electrical fields and currents at excessive latitudes; - international modeling of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling; - modeling of ionospheric electrodynamics; - present concerns, reminiscent of auroral particle acceleration, substorms, penetration of high-latitude fields into low latitudes.
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Example text
In gradient echo imaging, the phase dispersal from the dephasing gradient lobe is balanced by the net phase from the rephasing lobe, resulting in a net zero phase for stationary protons. For moving spins, this phase calculation is complicated by the fact that position x is changing with time. The phase of a constant velocity spin group is a function of the velocity of movement along the gradient and the duration of the gradient event squared, ⌽velocity ϭ ⌽stationary ϩ ␥/2 * [VGx] * t2 From this, we see the accumulated phase (⌽) depends on the square of the gradient on-time duration (t2) more than its amplitude (Gx).
Nonrandom occurrence of single-vessel coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1984;77:683–84. 15. Waller B. Anatomy, histology, and pathology of the major epicardial coronary arteries relevant to echocardiographic imaging techniques. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989;2(4):232–52. 2. Anatomy and Physiology of Coronary Arteries 16. Wang Y, Vidan E, Bergman GW. Cardiac motion of coronary arteries: variability in the rest period and implications for coronary MR angiography. Radiology 1999; 213(3):751–58. 17. Karwatowski SP, Mohiaddin RH, Yang GZ, Firmin DN, St John Sutton M, Underwood SR.
The phase of a group of stationary spins is the sum of the base magnetic field plus the contribution of the gradient field times the duration and the gyromagnetic ratio, ⌽stationary ϭ ␥*[B0 ϩ xGx] * t where, ⌽ is the phase from stationary tissues, ␥ the gyromagnetic ratio, Bo is the base magnetic field (including local inhomogeneities), x is position along gradient Gx, and t is the duration of gradient on-time. In gradient echo imaging, the phase dispersal from the dephasing gradient lobe is balanced by the net phase from the rephasing lobe, resulting in a net zero phase for stationary protons.