Download Solar Energy by Gerard M Crawley (ed.) PDF
By Gerard M Crawley (ed.)
Issues approximately strength assets and the environmental effect of power use will stay very important globally. global Scientific's distinctive sequence of books on present power matters is meant, partially, as a selection and replace of the fabric inside the global medical instruction manual of strength. each one quantity will concentrate on similar power assets or matters and may comprise a broader variety of themes with extra explanatory textual content. This solar power quantity covers various methods to using solar power. those comprise huge scale photovoltaic construction of electrical energy in addition to extra neighborhood purposes in the house and companies. equally, there's an in depth dialogue of huge scale sunlight thermal electrical energy creation and smaller scale makes use of corresponding to sun water heating, domestic heating and cooling plus crop drying. there's additionally dialogue of extra forward-looking applied sciences together with the construction of fuels utilizing man made photosynthesis and the construction of biomass.
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Additional info for Solar Energy
Sample text
46 × 1024 J. About 29% is reflected back to space by clouds, atmospheric particles or ground surfaces. 19 As might be expected, there tends to be less solar radiation towards the poles and cloudiness around the equator reduces the radiation reaching the ground there, leading to the regions of highest insolation being found in the high tropical and low temperate latitudes. Measurements of solar radiation are made at many sites globally20 with calibrated pyrheliometers,21 the most sophisticated of which use shadow bands to measure separately the diffuse and direct components.
The sun’s electromagnetic radiation approximates that of a black body with a temperature around 5778 K, with its peak in the yellow range of the visible spectrum. 3 Fig. 1. The AM0 spectrum of solar radiation, as would be observed at the top of the earth’s atmosphere. The spectral irradiance is shown as a function of photon wavelength (left) and photon energy (right). The spectral regions are indicated. Image credit: Prof. 5 Figure 1 shows the spectrum of radiation from ultraviolet to infrared, as seen outside the earth’s surface.
In fact, until the early 19th century, the main energy sources for humanity were biomass (from crops and trees), their domesticated animals and their own efforts. Even after many millennia, the average per capita energy use in 1830 only reached about 20 Gigajoules (GJ) per year. 1 One reason for this notable shift in energy use is that the number of possible energy sources increased substantially during this period, starting with coal in about the 1850s and then successively adding oil and natural gas.