Download Formulation of Disperse Systems by Tharwat F. Tadros PDF
By Tharwat F. Tadros
This publication offers comprehensively the technology and expertise at the back of the formula of disperse structures like emulsions, suspensions, foams and others. beginning with a common creation, the ebook covers a vast diversity of themes just like the position of alternative sessions of surfactants, balance of disperse structures, formula of other dispersions, review of formulations and plenty of extra. Many examples are incorporated, too. Written through the skilled writer and editor Tharwart Tadros, this e-book is necessary for each scientist operating within the box.
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Example text
The cmc values of APGs are comparable to those of nonionic surfactants, and they decrease as the alkyl chain length is increased. APG surfactants have good solubility in water and have high CP values (>100 ◦ C). Moreover, they are stable in neutral and alkaline solutions but are unstable in strong acid solutions. APG surfactants can tolerate high electrolyte concentrations, and are compatible with most types of surfactant. They are used in personal care products for cleansing formulations, for skin care and hair products, and also in hard-surface cleaners and laundry detergents.
Tadros. c 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2014 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 1 Concentration Variation of solution properties with surfactant concentration. 2 Illustration of a spherical micelle for dodecyl sulphate. (Source: Istraelachvili 1985 [2]. 1 Critical micelle concentration (cmc) of surfactants. 05 × 10−4 group into the alkyl group increases its hydrophobicity to a much smaller extent than increasing its chain length with the same number of carbon atoms. The valency of the counterion in ionic surfactants has a significant effect on the cmc.
The shallow minimum around 25 ◦ C can be compared with a similar minimum in the solubility of hydrocarbon in water [4]. 3 for C10 E5 . The effect of the addition of cosolutes (such as electrolytes and nonelectrolytes) on the cmc can be very striking. For example, the addition of 1 : 1 electrolyte to a solution of anionic surfactant produces a dramatic lowering of the cmc, which may amount to an order of magnitude. The effect is moderate for short-chain surfactants, but is much larger for their long-chain counterparts.