Download Ultrasonic Measurements and Technologies by à tefan Kočiš, Zdenko Figura (auth.) PDF
By à tefan Kočiš, Zdenko Figura (auth.)
This publication introduces the equipment and tools utilized in ultrasonic size for engineering program. the fundamental physics is reviewed ahead of many of the different types of ultrasound units are defined, then varied periods of size difficulties are coated intimately. Engineers and scholars new to the sphere will locate this an outstanding educational and priceless reference.
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Extra info for Ultrasonic Measurements and Technologies
Sample text
The attenuation in plastics is higher by two to three orders of magnitude compared with metals. For instance, the attenuation coefficient for polyethylene at a frequency 1 MHz is about 500 times higher than that for aluminium or fused quartz. 4. 10-2 In liquids and gases, the attenuation of ultrasound depends on the losses caused by viscosity, (lv' and on the losses caused by the thermal conductivity of liquids, U-r. The attenuation coefficient of ultrasound can be expressed as Anenuation ofultrasonic wave motion [4 (1 1)] 21t2 (l = (ly + a,.
G. resonance frequency, slope discontinuities in the frequency characteristics or microphone sensitivity. This theory and the expressions derived are valid for a single-action transducer type, where a membrane with well-known and stable qualities (essentially a metallic one) is fastened on the perimeter. Actual designs of ultrasound transducers vary from this ideal, and the foregoing solutions can be used only approximately. 2 The design and qualities of an ultrasonic transducer For higher frequencies, the mass of the moving parts must be reduced considerably in order to obtain a higher resonance frequency and higher frequencies of the slope discontinuities in the frequency characteristics.
Furthennore special plastic foils of the electret type can be used, that are polarized internally. These transducers do not need a bias voltage. Both the membrane and the complete transducer can also be fabricated by the use of integrated circuit technology in silicon. 8 mm, and a thickness of 150 om, with a 100 om aluminium layer. The effort in all the designs is to keep the working gap as small as possible over the whole transducer membrane. This can hardly be achieved by tensioning the membrane or by similar means.