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Additional resources for Water Quality Measurements Series: Detection Methods for Algae, Protozoa and Helminths in Fresh and Drinking Water
Sample text
Even an accurate survey of the literature cannot give any precise guidelines on the reliability of different systems in removing algae. Only qualitative guidelines can be given: conventional treatment (including filtration) removes up to 99 percent of most microorganisms. However the removal efficiency can drop to 90 percent or less in presence of ‘difficult’ algae even after optimization of the treatment. For example, Cyclotella may be more efficiently removed by adjusting the operating conditions, while for Oscillatoria the long filaments (several hundred microns Separation Technologies 25 in length) cannot be incorporated into the flocs produced by the coagulant (Bernhardt and Clasen, 1991).
The filtration cycle is followed by a regeneration phase in which the exhausted coat is discharged to waste. DEF has mainly been used in the past as a ‘luxury’ final treatment to improve the quality of water which contains only a low concentration of suspended solids. Recently, however, the distinctive features of DEF as a ‘mechanical’ medium available in a range of granule diameters, have been applied in the removal of particulates of specific sizes. This is illustrated by important installations which have been set up to remove protozoa (Giardia and Ciyptosporidium), helminths, microalgae and rotifers, etc.
Scenedesmus spp. Ankistrodesmus spp. 5 h IN after 1 h IN average OUT count in feed water (oocysts I-') (oocysts I-') (oocysts I-') (oocysts I-') (no. 58 microalgae, and Ctyptosporidium oocysts (L. , presentation at the Workshop on Microporous Membrane Filtration Technology. Improving Drinking Water Quality, Genova, Italy, 1999). The microfiltration membrane used in this study was clearly able to filter out protozoan oocysts much more efficiently (more than five log) than conventional treatment technologies, in addition to removing naturally-occurring or added faecal bacteria which are monitored as an indicator of filtration efficiency.